When we talk about Green maritime logistics, we mean the fulfillment of both the secure environmental performance of the supply chain in the maritime logistics and transportation sector, as well as the observance of traditional rules in the field of economics. In the present study, the focus of environmental attention is on the emission of pollution from shipping and maritime. Achieving such a goal depends on creating many, many lasting balances. Win-win solutions are usually sought in this direction,but such solutions are probably more difficult to implement than they seem at first glance. Here we briefly address the challenges facing Green marine logistics and provide examples of Greenhouse gas and non-Greenhouse gas emissions. Slowing down the ship depends on its implementation at the strategic level (design). That is, it will have an impact on safety by reducing the ship's power supply facilities,this is because the reduction contradicts the minimum reliable power required by the ship in adverse weather conditions. The emission of slower ship pollution is much lower than the emission of faster ship contamination. If we want to reduce fuel costs (and prevent emissions) by slowing down, we can do so in two simple steps.

To reduce the environmental Pollution emissions caused by market activities, cold chain logistics companies also considered the emission of harmful gases for better service in satisfying customers’ demands. In the cold supply chain, goods are supplied and distributed that become corrupt and degraded over time. Therefore, to keep such goods fresh, the temperature must be constantly and continuously controlled, which in turn requires more fuel consumption. Also, in vehicle routing problem, the travel time of a route and fuel consumption does not only depend on the distance traveled, but also on the speed and time of day when that route is traveled. In this study, a new mixed-integer optimization model of the vehicle routing problem in a cold supply chain concerning congestion is presented with the aim is to minimize costs of Pollution emissions. In this model, in addition to the cost of the environmental Pollution emissions, other costs are considered, including the vehicle operating cost, transportation, loss of quality, product freshness, and penalty cost for arriving outside the customer's time window. In continuing, a solution method based on Benders decomposition is applied to solve the proposed model for large size networks. The computational results showed that the presented model provides the optimal route and travel time of the vehicle by considering the reduction of pollution and the appropriate speed. Also, the implementation of the solution algorithm on several test instances with different sizes showed the efficiency of the algorithm in reducing the solution time and obtaining a good solution.

Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process Green areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the Green roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. Green roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into Green spots. Besides Green roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. Green roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

Environmental sustainability is a growing concern for businesses and organizations due to climate change trends. This study aims to examine the direct impact of institutional pressures, Green procurement (GP), and reverse logistics (RL) on environmental performance (EVP). The mediating influences of RL and GP on institutional pressure and EVP are also examined. The study uses a quantitative method where data is gathered from the CEO, operations, human resources, logistics, and procurement managers of 165 industrial park firms using customized questionnaires. The data is analyzed using the PLS-SEM software (SmartPLS 4). The results suggest that the adoption of institutional pressures has a significant effect on GP and RL, and the findings show that GP does not improve EVP. However, the implementation of RL mediates the relationship between institutional pressure and EVP. The study develops a comprehensive empirical model that tests the joint influence of institutional pressure- GP-RL-EVP model was developed and validated. The findings indicate that institutional pressure and RL help firms advance EVP.

Background and purpose: LARG supply chain methods consist of lean, agile, resilient and Green methods, which are among the most widely used supply chain management approaches in today's world. These methods are used in order to improve performance and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to present a LARG supply chain model in defense organizations.Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of qualitative method. The information sources of the research are the published scientific articles and documents, as well as interviews with experts of defense organizations, which have been analyzed using the database method (Glaser's Emerging Approach) and with the help of MAXQDA software. The statistical population of the research in the interview phase was 􀀔􀀘 individuals among experts in logistics and Support Deputy who were selected purposefully and judiciously using the snowball method.Findings: From the analysis of related articles, documents and interviews, 􀀕􀀕􀀖 primary codes were extracted, which were identified in a multi-step process of coding, indicators, components and model dimensions.Conclusion: The most important factors of the lean, agile, resilient and Green supply chain are managerial factors, human resources, resources and equipment, process factors, organizational factors, technical and technological capabilities, in order of priority.

The study was undertaken with the objectives to: (1) Study the present status of plastic waste management and the existing Phnom Penh household willingness and their influence factors to segregate plastics for recycling and reuse (plastics & non plastics); (2) Study how other cities encouraged and obtained the participation of their population in plastics recycling and reuse and (3) recommend which policy the government should implement plastic waste recycling in Phnom Penh. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one involved secondary research such as reviewing of relevant literatures, journals, publications, books, and reports. The second phase involved collection of primary data via structured questionnaires. The study is analyzed based on 429 qualified questionnaires that were collected from households in Phnom Penh by using: percentage, mean and standard deviation. It investigated household’s behavior toward their waste and their willingness to separate plastics and non-plastics wastes. The researcher considers the question of waste from households as it is most likely the root of waste behaviors. By looking at the current state of process and recycling plastics waste –an important element of waste equation, the researcher hopes to shed the lights on plastic waste issues.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “Green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the Green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, Green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of Green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of Green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the Green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “Green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the Green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as Green city, is determined. Analysis of the Green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of Green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of Green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of Green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of Green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the Green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the Green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of Green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving Green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

The purpose of this study is to study previous and current studies on the subject of Green ports and Green marine logistics in order to study and rank the factors affecting the transformation of Imam Khomeini port into a Green port, which lasted from October 2017 to September 2016. This research is a descriptive-survey research and using a hierarchical analysis model, the factors affecting the transformation of Imam Khomeini port into a Green port have been ranked. This study examines the Greening of the world's ports and how to implement their proposed solutions in Imam Khomeini port. By conducting this research, it became clear that by using the strategy of involving actors in the maritime industry in a fully operational way and not only in theory in the discussion of port Greening, the infrastructure of the Greening project in Imam Khomeini port can be done. As a result, among the main factors, internal factors with a relative weight of 0. 771 are recognized as having the first priority. The sub-factor of coastal power supply to vessels with a relative weight of 0. 271 is known as the first priority among the sub-factors of internal and the sub-factor of the speed of vessels with a relative weight of 0. 326 among the sub-factors of externality.

The growth of the world economy in the last century has led to the consumption of many goods, and on the other hand, the process of globalization has led to the formation of huge flows of goods around the world,but the production, transportation, storage and consumption of these goods have created many environmental problems. Today, global warming due to the production and wide spread emission of Greenhouse gases is a major environmental concern. Governments, working groups and large corporations are preparing to face this threat. The field of operations research has a long history of improving operational methods, especially in reducing costs. In this study, the authors summarize the significant contributions of operations research to Green logistics, which includes a combination of environmental dimensions and aspects in procurement processes. By focusing on the design, planning, and oversight of the supply chain, inventory, and facility decisions provide a summary of current developments and developments that may occur in the future. In this direction, various researches that have studied OR models of logistics programs from environmental dimensions will also be mentioned.